The period foregrounded social determinants, culture, and institutions as central to understanding mental health, integrating cultural psychiatry, anthropology, and developmental perspectives. Researchers increasingly used cross-cultural comparisons, patient narratives, and ecological approaches to examine stigma, gender roles, age, and family dynamics, shifting away from a purely biomedical model toward community-based and culturally informed care. This unifying trend emphasized how environment and social context shape diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes.